XI.a
Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2
See also under XIVa, b, e. Cyanosis is slate-greay rather that purple. SpO2 is low or spurious/erratic. Cyanosis is resistant to oxygen therapy. SpO2 low or spurious. PaO2 measured by the Clarke electrode is normal. The hallmarks of methemoglobinemia. Diagnosis is confirmed by chocolate-brown color of blood; which does not turn bright red when bubbled with O2 and/or by spectrophotometric measurement of blood methemoglobin (normally <2%). Four-wavelength pulse CO-oxymetry can also measure methemoglobin and COHb. Methemoglobinemia can be life-threatening or fatal if >40%. Treatment is with oxygen and methylene blue. Severe cases may require HBO or exchange transfusion. Oxidant-induced hemolytic anemia can be found in association.
Causative drugs
14
Amyl-nitrite, butyl-nitrite, isobutyl-nitrite ('Poppers')
VIII.d
VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.d - Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.bj XI - Miscellaneous
XI.bj - Hemolytic anemia XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
VIII.d - Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.bj XI - Miscellaneous
XI.bj - Hemolytic anemia XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
2
Clindamycin
I.b
I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) IX.d IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing during sleep
IX.d - Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis) IX.i IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing during sleep
IX.i - Respiratory arrest - Apnea XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) IX.d IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing during sleep
IX.d - Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis) IX.i IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing during sleep
IX.i - Respiratory arrest - Apnea XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
1
Dapsone (diaminophenylsulfone)
I.a
I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.x I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.x - Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) V.a V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.a - Pleural effusion (uni- or bilateral) (can accompany DI-LDs) X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction X.u X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.u - Multiple organ dysfunction/failure (MODS/MOF) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.x I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.x - Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) V.a V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.a - Pleural effusion (uni- or bilateral) (can accompany DI-LDs) X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction X.u X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.u - Multiple organ dysfunction/failure (MODS/MOF) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
2
Dyes
II.a
II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) IV.aa IV - Airway involvement
IV.aa - Occupational asthma VI.b VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.b - Pulmonary arterial hypertension VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) IV.aa IV - Airway involvement
IV.aa - Occupational asthma VI.b VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.b - Pulmonary arterial hypertension VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
2
Ifosfamide
I.b
I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.g I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.g - Pulmonary fibrosis I.ad I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.ad - Radiation recall pneumonitis II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.d II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.d - Pulmonary edema, cardiogenic XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XII.f XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.f - Cardiomyopathy (acute, subacute, chronic) XII.l XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.l - Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP) XII.n XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.n - Cardiovascular collapse - Cardiogenic shock - Hypotension XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.h XV - Pathology
XV.h - Path: NSIP-fibrotic pattern XV.j XV - Pathology
XV.j - Path: Pulmonary fibrosis (UIP-pattern)
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.g I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.g - Pulmonary fibrosis I.ad I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.ad - Radiation recall pneumonitis II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.d II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.d - Pulmonary edema, cardiogenic XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XII.f XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.f - Cardiomyopathy (acute, subacute, chronic) XII.l XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.l - Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP) XII.n XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.n - Cardiovascular collapse - Cardiogenic shock - Hypotension XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.h XV - Pathology
XV.h - Path: NSIP-fibrotic pattern XV.j XV - Pathology
XV.j - Path: Pulmonary fibrosis (UIP-pattern)
1
Inhalants (volatile substances)
I.ao
I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.ao - Pulmonary infiltrates II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH) V.f V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.f - Pneumothorax VII.h VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.h - Pneumomediastinum VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) VIII.d VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.d - Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.d XI - Miscellaneous
XI.d - Metabolic acidosis (incl. lactic acidosis/-gap). May cause hyperpnea/dyspnea XI.s XI - Miscellaneous
XI.s - Sniffing death - Death from inhalation of compound XI.aw XI - Miscellaneous
XI.aw - Lead poisoning XII.l XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.l - Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP) XII.m XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.m - Cardiac- cardiorespiratory/pulmonary arrest XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.w XV - Pathology
XV.w - Path: Pulmonary edema (see also II/IIa) XXIV.a XXIV - Veterinary medicine
XXIV.a - Veterinary: Pneumonitis - Interstitial lung disease
I.ao - Pulmonary infiltrates II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH) V.f V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.f - Pneumothorax VII.h VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.h - Pneumomediastinum VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) VIII.d VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.d - Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.d XI - Miscellaneous
XI.d - Metabolic acidosis (incl. lactic acidosis/-gap). May cause hyperpnea/dyspnea XI.s XI - Miscellaneous
XI.s - Sniffing death - Death from inhalation of compound XI.aw XI - Miscellaneous
XI.aw - Lead poisoning XII.l XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.l - Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP) XII.m XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.m - Cardiac- cardiorespiratory/pulmonary arrest XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.w XV - Pathology
XV.w - Path: Pulmonary edema (see also II/IIa) XXIV.a XXIV - Veterinary medicine
XXIV.a - Veterinary: Pneumonitis - Interstitial lung disease
2
Lidocaine (lignocaine, xylocaine)
II.a
II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.g II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.g - Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma IV.f IV - Airway involvement
IV.f - Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal) VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) VIII.f VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.f - Central airway instability - Tracheomalacia X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.r XI - Miscellaneous
XI.r - Death following exposure or poisoning XII.l XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.l - Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP) XII.m XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.m - Cardiac- cardiorespiratory/pulmonary arrest XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.g II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.g - Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma IV.f IV - Airway involvement
IV.f - Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal) VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) VIII.f VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.f - Central airway instability - Tracheomalacia X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.r XI - Miscellaneous
XI.r - Death following exposure or poisoning XII.l XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.l - Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP) XII.m XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.m - Cardiac- cardiorespiratory/pulmonary arrest XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
1
Mephedrone
XI.a
XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XII.g XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.g - Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XII.g XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.g - Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
1
Paracetamol - Acetaminophen
I.c
I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) X.g X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.g - Hypersensitivity reaction (may manifest with fever and/or skin, throat or airway involvement) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) X.g X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.g - Hypersensitivity reaction (may manifest with fever and/or skin, throat or airway involvement) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia
1
Primaquine
I.d
I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id)
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) XI.a XI - Miscellaneous
XI.a - Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2 XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id)
1