II.b

ARDS - Acute lung injury

(Fr: SDRA sur critères gazométriques PaO2/FIO2). May overlap with Ia. Mechanical ventilation commonly needed. ECMO required in some instances (PMID 29967877). ARDS definition and grading at PMID 22797452. ARDS (and formerly ALI) are defined on the basis of gas exchange abnormalities. Thus, ARDS is not a well-characterized disease entity and may arise in widely disparate clinical scenarios. Pathologically, ARDS may correspond to DAD, pulmonary edema, acute NSIP-like ILD w/wo granulomas, -eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP), AFOP, amiodarone pulmonary toxicity, DAH, fat or silicone embolism, AIP, radiation injury, pulmonary fibrosis exacerbated by drugs or surgery (see under specific patterns) and drug- or alcohol-induced aspiration pneumonitis (see under XIg). Appropriate tests and BAL help exclude an infection and separate these entities. Some patients respond to intravenous corticosteroid therapy. Review at PMID 1939859. See also under IL 'Diffuse Alveolar Damage', XIg, XVf and under 'Postoperative ARDS'

Last update : 01/01/1970
 

Causative drugs

285

Silicone, fluid

I.a I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.k I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.k - Lung nodule or nodules I.z I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.z - An area or areas of consolidation I.al I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.al - Silicone pneumonitis - 'Silicone lung' II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.u II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.u - Acute respiratory failure (e.g. from ARDS, ILD, PIE, OP, pulmonary edema or bronchospasm) requiring ECMO III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH) VI.m VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.m - Silicone pulmonary embolism (SE) - SE syndrome VII.k VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.k - Mediastinal silicone infiltration/siliconoma VIII.k VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.k - Submucosal airway petechiae/hemorrhage X.u X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.u - Multiple organ dysfunction/failure (MODS/MOF) XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XI.aa XI - Miscellaneous
XI.aa - CNS symptoms or involvement, stroke XI.bn XI - Miscellaneous
XI.bn - A restrictive lung function defect XI.bo XI - Miscellaneous
XI.bo - Parietal chest involvement XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XV.f XV - Pathology
XV.f - Path: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD-pattern) (see also IL) XV.g XV - Pathology
XV.g - Path: Alveolar hemorrhage (see also IIIa) XV.l XV - Pathology
XV.l - Path: Pulmonary fibrosis (not otherwise specified or unclassifiable) XV.bn XV - Pathology
XV.bn - Path: Silicone droplets/vacuoles in lung tissue, pulmonary vasculature, or lymph nodes XV.bo XV - Pathology
XV.bo - Path: Siliconoma XV.cw XV - Pathology
XV.cw - Path: Silicone pulmonary embolism XVI.b XVI - Imaging
XVI.b - Imaging: Ground-glass opacities (GGO) / shadowing XVI.e XVI - Imaging
XVI.e - Imaging: Pulmonary opacities with a subpleural distribution XVI.k XVI - Imaging
XVI.k - Imaging: An area or areas of consolidation XVI.ax XVI - Imaging
XVI.ax - Imaging: Foreign body pulmonary embolism XVI.bh XVI - Imaging
XVI.bh - Imaging: F18-PET scan positive lympadenopathy XIX.d XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.d - BAL: Gross or microscopic bleeding/hemorrhage XIX.l XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.l - BAL: Silicone globules in macrophages
2

Sirolimus

I.a I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.f I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.f - Acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) I.l I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.l - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) (see alsoo under IIb and XVf) I.m I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.m - ILD with a granulomatous component I.n I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.n - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH) IV.d IV - Airway involvement
IV.d - Cough (lone) IV.l IV - Airway involvement
IV.l - Bronchial stump dehiscence V.m V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.m - Pleuropericarditis - Pleuropericardial effusion (ANA unknown or negative) VI.a VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.a - Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism VI.d VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.d - Pulmonary vasculitis or capillaritis VI.f VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.f - Hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS). See also under Xaf VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) X.c X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.c - Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) XII.c XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.c - Pericardial effusion (w/wo tamponade) XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XV.d XV - Pathology
XV.d - Path: Acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP-pattern) (see also If) XV.e XV - Pathology
XV.e - Path: ILD with a granulomatous component (see also Im) XV.f XV - Pathology
XV.f - Path: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD-pattern) (see also IL) XV.g XV - Pathology
XV.g - Path: Alveolar hemorrhage (see also IIIa) XV.k XV - Pathology
XV.k - Path: Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP-pattern) XV.m XV - Pathology
XV.m - Path: Lymphoid hyperplasia (including nodular- or a lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia pattern) XV.n XV - Pathology
XV.n - Path: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis pattern (PAP pattern) XV.ac XV - Pathology
XV.ac - Path: Pulmonary vasculitis other than capillaritis XV.bf XV - Pathology
XV.bf - Path: Pulmonary necrotizing granuloma or granulomas XVI.b XVI - Imaging
XVI.b - Imaging: Ground-glass opacities (GGO) / shadowing XVI.k XVI - Imaging
XVI.k - Imaging: An area or areas of consolidation XVII.b XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.b - Opportunistic pulmonary/systemic infections XVII.e XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.e - Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia XIX.a XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.a - BAL: An excess proportion of lymphocytes
1

Snake envenoming

1

Solvent/detergent plasma

1

Sorafenib

1

Stem cell infusion/transplantation

1

Stimulants, psychostimulants, psychoactive substances

1

Streptokinase

1

T cell therapy

1

TGN1412

1

TNF-alpha

2

Tacrolimus (FK506)

1

Talc (inhaled, sniffed, i.v., intrapleural)

I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.t I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.t - Pneumoconiosis (silicosis, talcosis...) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.f II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.f - Hypoxemia, low oxygen saturation (may occur in isolation) IV.c IV - Airway involvement
IV.c - Obliterative bronchiolitis (a pattern consistent with) (see also IVn, XVx) IV.i IV - Airway involvement
IV.i - Foreign body aspiration bronchiolitis IV.m IV - Airway involvement
IV.m - Bronchial stenosis/stricture V.c V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.c - Pleural thickening - Fibrothorax V.r V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.r - Pleural mass or masses VI.b VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.b - Pulmonary arterial hypertension VI.g VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.g - Foreign body pulmonary vasculopathy (Excipient lung disease) VII.f VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.f - An enlarged or dense thymus VII.n VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.n - Mediastinal talcoma X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XI.u XI - Miscellaneous
XI.u - Chest pressure/discomfort XV.e XV - Pathology
XV.e - Path: ILD with a granulomatous component (see also Im) XV.q XV - Pathology
XV.q - Path: Foreign body deposits/granulomatous reaction XV.s XV - Pathology
XV.s - Path: Pneumoconiosis (silicosis, talcosis, talcoma) XV.ag XV - Pathology
XV.ag - Path: Foreign body embolism, microangiopathy, vasculopathy XV.da XV - Pathology
XV.da - Path: Birefringent particles in lung tissue and/or cells XVI.w XVI - Imaging
XVI.w - Imaging: Lung nodule or nodules XVI.ae XVI - Imaging
XVI.ae - Imaging: A pattern similar to pneumoconiotic progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) XVI.bm XVI - Imaging
XVI.bm - Imaging: Avid pleural uptake on PET-scan XVIII.i XVIII - Distinctive patterns - 'Eye-catchers'
XVIII.i - Eye-catcher: Tracer-avid pleural area or areas on PET-CT XIX.k XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.k - BAL: Talc crystals in macrophages or lying free in BALF
2

Tallysomycin

1

Temozolomide

1

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

1

Thalidomide

1

Thyroid stimulating hormone (rnTSH)

1

Tocolytic therapy

1

Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE)

I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.e I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.e - Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) I.y I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.y - Progression, acceleration or exacerbation of preexisting ILD/fibrosis I.z I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.z - An area or areas of consolidation II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury V.a V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.a - Pleural effusion (uni- or bilateral) (can accompany DI-LDs) VI.a VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.a - Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism VI.e VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.e - Fat/oil embolism - The FES embolism syndrome VI.v VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.v - Foreign body/substance pulmonary embolism VI.aa VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.aa - Lipiodol pulmonary embolism XI.aa XI - Miscellaneous
XI.aa - CNS symptoms or involvement, stroke XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XVI.s XVI - Imaging
XVI.s - Imaging: An area or areas of involvement with high attenuation numbers or metallic density XVIII.h XVIII - Distinctive patterns - 'Eye-catchers'
XVIII.h - Eye-catcher: Lipiodol embolism
3

Trastuzumab deruxtecan

1

Tricyclic antidepressants - Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning

1

Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

I.a I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.e I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.e - Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) I.f I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.f - Acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) I.ba I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.ba - Irreversible respiratory damage requiring lung Tx II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.u II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.u - Acute respiratory failure (e.g. from ARDS, ILD, PIE, OP, pulmonary edema or bronchospasm) requiring ECMO V.f V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.f - Pneumothorax X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction X.e X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.e - Autoimmunity-Autoimmune conditions (+ANA, +anti-ds-DNA, +ANCAs, other auto-Abs) X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) X.g X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.g - Hypersensitivity reaction (may manifest with fever and/or skin, throat or airway involvement) X.x X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.x - Subclinical ANCA positivity XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.b XV - Pathology
XV.b - Path: Eosinophilic pneumonia (subacute or acute) (see also Ic) XV.f XV - Pathology
XV.f - Path: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD-pattern) (see also IL) XV.ct XV - Pathology
XV.ct - Path: Delayed alveolar injury with delayed epithelialization (DAIDE) XVI.bb XVI - Imaging
XVI.bb - Imaging: Pneumomediastinum XIX.c XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.c - BAL: An excess proportion of eosinophils
1

Tryptophan (l-tryptophan, synthetic)

1

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR) TKI

2

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