II.b
ARDS - Acute lung injury
(Fr: SDRA sur critères gazométriques PaO2/FIO2). May overlap with Ia. Mechanical ventilation commonly needed. ECMO required in some instances (PMID 29967877). ARDS definition and grading at PMID 22797452. ARDS (and formerly ALI) are defined on the basis of gas exchange abnormalities. Thus, ARDS is not a well-characterized disease entity and may arise in widely disparate clinical scenarios. Pathologically, ARDS may correspond to DAD, pulmonary edema, acute NSIP-like ILD w/wo granulomas, -eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP), AFOP, amiodarone pulmonary toxicity, DAH, fat or silicone embolism, AIP, radiation injury, pulmonary fibrosis exacerbated by drugs or surgery (see under specific patterns) and drug- or alcohol-induced aspiration pneumonitis (see under XIg). Appropriate tests and BAL help exclude an infection and separate these entities. Some patients respond to intravenous corticosteroid therapy. Review at PMID 1939859. See also under IL 'Diffuse Alveolar Damage', XIg, XVf and under 'Postoperative ARDS'
Causative drugs
Streptokinase
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse (DAH) III.c III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.c - Hemoptysis IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma IV.f IV - Airway involvement
IV.f - Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal) VII.g VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.g - Hemomediastinum - Mediastinal hematoma VIII.b VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.b - Hematoma of/around central airway wall potentially causing UAO X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal)
TNF-alpha
I.v - Altered lung function/PFTs (can be subclinical) II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse (DAH)
Talc (inhaled, sniffed, i.v., intrapleural)
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.t I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.t - Pneumoconiosis (silicosis, talcosis...) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.f II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.f - Hypoxemia, low oxygen saturation (may occur in isolation) IV.c IV - Airway involvement
IV.c - Obliterative bronchiolitis (a pattern consistent with) (see also IVn, XVx) IV.i IV - Airway involvement
IV.i - Foreign body aspiration bronchiolitis IV.m IV - Airway involvement
IV.m - Bronchial stenosis/stricture V.c V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.c - Pleural thickening V.r V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.r - Pleural mass or masses VI.b VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.b - Pulmonary arterial hypertension VI.g VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.g - Foreign body pulmonary vasculopathy (Excipient lung disease) VII.f VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.f - An enlarged or dense thymus VII.n VII - Mediastinal involvement
VII.n - Mediastinal talcoma X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent XI.u XI - Miscellaneous
XI.u - Chest pressure/discomfort XV.e XV - Pathology
XV.e - Path: ILD with a granulomatous component (see also Im) XV.q XV - Pathology
XV.q - Path: Foreign body deposits/granulomatous reaction XV.s XV - Pathology
XV.s - Path: Pneumoconiosis (silicosis, talcosis, talcoma) XV.ag XV - Pathology
XV.ag - Path: Foreign body embolism, microangiopathy, vasculopathy XVI.w XVI - Imaging
XVI.w - Imaging: Lung nodule or nodules XVI.ae XVI - Imaging
XVI.ae - Imaging: A pattern similar to pneumoconiotic progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) XVI.bm XVI - Imaging
XVI.bm - Imaging: Avid pleural uptake on PET-scan XVIII.i XVIII - Distinctive patterns - 'Eye-catchers'
XVIII.i - Eye-catcher: Tracer-avid pleural area or areas on PET-CT XIX.k XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.k - BAL: Talc crystals in macrophages or lying free in BALF
Temozolomide
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XVII.c XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.c - Aspergillosis, pulmonary (invasive, allergic [ABPA], or mycetoma) XVII.e XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.e - Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia XVII.aj XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.aj - Bordetella bronchiseptica pulmonary infection
Thalidomide
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury VI.a VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.a - Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism VI.b VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.b - Pulmonary arterial hypertension XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XV.e XV - Pathology
XV.e - Path: ILD with a granulomatous component (see also Im) XIX.a XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.a - BAL: An excess proportion of lymphocytes XIX.b XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.b - BAL: An excess proportion of neutrophils
Tocolytic therapy
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.h II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.h - Overload pulmonary edema (including posttransfusional (TACO)) XI.b XI - Miscellaneous
XI.b - Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent
Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE)
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.e I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.e - Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) I.y I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.y - Progression, acceleration or exacerbation of preexisting ILD/fibrosis I.z I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.z - An area or areas of consolidation II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury V.a V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.a - Pleural effusion VI.a VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.a - Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism VI.e VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.e - Fat/oil embolism - The FES embolism syndrome VI.v VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.v - Foreign body/substance pulmonary embolism VI.aa VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.aa - Lipiodol pulmonary embolism XI.aa XI - Miscellaneous
XI.aa - CNS symptoms or involvement, stroke XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XVI.s XVI - Imaging
XVI.s - Imaging: An area or areas of involvement with high attenuation numbers or metallic density XVIII.h XVIII - Distinctive patterns - 'Eye-catchers'
XVIII.h - Eye-catcher: Lipiodol embolism
Trastuzumab deruxtecan
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.h I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.h - Subclinical pulmonary infiltrates/ILD II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury
Tricyclic antidepressants
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.g I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.g - Pulmonary fibrosis II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury V.b V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.b - Eosinophilic pleural effusion X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction XII.m XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.m - Cardiac/cardiopulmonary arrest XII.ai XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.ai - Cardiotoxicity
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.e I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.e - Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) I.f I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.f - Acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury II.u II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.u - Acute respiratory failure (e.g. from ARDS, ILD, PIE, OP, pulmonary edema or bronchospasm) requiring ECMO X.a X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.a - DRES syndrome - DRESS-like reaction X.e X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.e - Autoimmunity-Autoimmune conditions (+ANA, +anti-ds-DNA, +ANCAs, other auto-Abs) X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) X.g X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.g - Hypersensitivity reaction (may manifest with fever and/or skin, throat or airway involvement) X.x X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.x - Subclinical ANCA positivity XIV.a XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)
XIV.a - Methemoglobinemia XV.b XV - Pathology
XV.b - Path: Eosinophilic pneumonia (subacute or acute) (see also Ic) XV.f XV - Pathology
XV.f - Path: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD-pattern) (see also IL) XV.ct XV - Pathology
XV.ct - Path: Delayed alveolar injury with delayed epithelialization (DAIDE) XIX.c XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA
XIX.c - BAL: An excess proportion of eosinophils
Tryptophan (l-tryptophan, synthetic)
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.c I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.c - Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.e I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.e - Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury V.a V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.a - Pleural effusion VI.b VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.b - Pulmonary arterial hypertension VI.d VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.d - Pulmonary vasculitis or capillaritis VI.k VI - Pulmonary vasculopathies
VI.k - Eosinophilic pulmonary vasculitis X.v X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.v - Systemic eosinophilic syndrome w/wo vasculitis (see also Xa) X.w X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.w - Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS) X.ax X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.ax - Scleroderma XII.f XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.f - Cardiomyopathy (acute, subacute, chronic) XV.m XV - Pathology
XV.m - Path: Lymphoid hyperplasia (including nodular- or a lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia pattern)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR) TKI
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.y I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.y - Progression, acceleration or exacerbation of preexisting ILD/fibrosis II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury III.a III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.a - Alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse (DAH) III.c III - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding
III.c - Hemoptysis V.f V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement
V.f - Pneumothorax XII.a XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.a - Left or biventricular dysfunction/failure
Vaccines
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.y I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.y - Progression, acceleration or exacerbation of preexisting ILD/fibrosis II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma VIII.a VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.a - Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death) X.b X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.b - Antiphospholipid antibodies w/wo the APL syndrome X.d X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.d - Lupus - Lupus syndrome (see also Vd) X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) X.m X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.m - Vascultis (pulmonary, extrathoracic or systemic)-ANCA status unknown or negative) X.s X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.s - Vasculitis, pulmonary (w/wo AH), extrapulmonary, systemic: ANCA-positive
Vedolizumab
I.a - Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS) I.b I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.d I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.d - Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging) I.k I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.k - Lung nodule or nodules II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury IV.c IV - Airway involvement
IV.c - Obliterative bronchiolitis (a pattern consistent with) (see also IVn, XVx) VIII.aq VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement
VIII.aq - Bronchorrhea X.g X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.g - Hypersensitivity reaction (may manifest with fever and/or skin, throat or airway involvement) X.o X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.o - Neutrophilic dermatosis (Pyoderma, Sweet syndrome) XV.c XV - Pathology
XV.c - Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id) XV.e XV - Pathology
XV.e - Path: ILD with a granulomatous component (see also Im) XV.x XV - Pathology
XV.x - Path: Acute/subacute bronchiolitis (see also IVc, IVi) XV.cn XV - Pathology
XV.cn - Path: Pulmonary necrotizing granuloma with neutrophilic microabscesses XVI.g XVI - Imaging
XVI.g - Imaging: Diffuse whiteout/alveolar shadowing (see also under IIb-ARDS) XVII.a XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.a - Respiratory tract infection incl. pneumonia XVII.v XVII - Infections & related conditions
XVII.v - Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection (w/wo DAH)
Verapamil
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma XI.r XI - Miscellaneous
XI.r - Death following exposure or poisoning
Vinblastine
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) I.k I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.k - Lung nodule or nodules I.l I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease
I.l - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) (see alsoo under IIb and XVf) II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma XII.g XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.g - Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction XV.f XV - Pathology
XV.f - Path: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD-pattern) (see also IL)
Vinorelbine
I.b - Pneumonitis (ILD) II.a II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.a - Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE) II.b II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS
II.b - ARDS - Acute lung injury IV.a IV - Airway involvement
IV.a - Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma X.f X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions
X.f - Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal) XII.m XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity
XII.m - Cardiac/cardiopulmonary arrest